Engineering Structures Jobs in Tustin, CA

Job Title: Project Manager (Structural Engineering)

Location: Glendale, El Segundo, or Irvine, CA

Schedule: Monday-Friday (On-site)

Job Type: Direct Hire

Salary: Base pay starts at $90,000+

Overview:

A growing engineering firm is seeking an experienced Project Manager to support its structural engineering practice. This role is responsible for leading multiple projects, maintaining client relationships, and ensuring technical excellence from proposal through project completion.

Key Responsibilities:

• Lead and manage multiple structural engineering projects simultaneously
• Coordinate, prepare, and respond to RFPs, RFQs, and other client solicitations
• Collaborate with the Principal-in-Charge on the development of structural systems
• Serve as the primary point of contact for clients on project-related matters
• Ensure technical accuracy, quality control, and compliance with project standards
• Establish and manage project fees, budgets, and schedules in partnership with leadership
• Monitor project costs and timelines to maintain profitability and meet contractual commitments
• Identify out-of-scope work and prepare proposals for additional services
• Report directly to the Principal-in-Charge
• Perform Project Engineer duties when required

Qualifications:

• Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering, Architectural Engineering, or Structural Engineering
• Structural Engineer (S.E.) license with 10+ years of experience preferred
• Professional Engineer (P.E.) license with 3–10 years of project leadership experience considered
• Demonstrated experience managing structural engineering projects

Job Summary:

This role is a hands-on engineering leadership position responsible for driving manufacturing excellence, leading New Product Introductions, and building a high-performing engineering organization. The Director of Engineering & CI plays a critical role in ensuring operational excellence, customer satisfaction, and long-term scalability of the business.

Position Summary:

The Director of Engineering & CI is responsible for leading all engineering, manufacturing process development, and technical execution functions across the organization. This role owns New Product Introduction (NPI), manufacturing process optimization, and engineering team leadership, while ensuring scalable, repeatable, and high-quality manufacturing operations.

This role serves as the technical authority for CNC manufacturing operations and provides leadership over Manufacturing Engineers, CNC Programmers, and cross-functional technical resources. The position ensures that manufacturing methods, tooling, and processes support business growth, cost targets, quality objectives, and on-time delivery.

The role plays a critical leadership function in advancing Lean Manufacturing, improving throughput, reducing variation, and supporting customer and regulatory requirements in an AS9100 aerospace environment. Reporting to the General Manager, the Director Engineering Director and CI will foster a culture of innovation and collaboration across multi-disciplinary teams, ensuring delivery of high-quality results in line with schedule and financial performance targets

Core Responsibilities

New Product Introduction (NPI) Leadership

• Own and lead all New Product Introduction (NPI) activities from engineering release through full-rate production
• Define manufacturing strategy, routing, tooling, and inspection plans for new programs
• Coordinate cross-functionally with Quality, Operations, Supply Chain, and Sales during program launch
• Ensure first-article success, manufacturability, and cost targets are achieved
• Drive rapid and repeatable production readiness

Manufacturing Engineering & Process Excellence:

• Lead development, implementation, and continuous improvement of:
• Manufacturing processes
• CNC machining strategies
• Work instructions and routings
• Tooling and fixturing
• Inspection and quality controls
• Establish standardized, repeatable manufacturing methods across product lines
• Improve throughput, reduce scrap, and improve yield using Lean and Six Sigma principles
• Drive process optimization using PFMEA, control plans, and root cause analysis
• Lead continuous improvement initiatives focused on cost, quality, and delivery

CNC Programming & Technical Leadership:

• Provide leadership and technical oversight to CNC Programmers and Manufacturing Engineers
• Ensure best practices in:
• 3-, 4-, and 5-axis machining
• Multi-spindle and multi-turret turning
• Toolpath optimization
• Program validation and prove-out
• Oversee Mastercam programming standards and documentation
• Ensure tooling libraries, setup sheets, and CNC documentation are accurate and maintained

Team Leadership & Development:

• Lead, mentor, and develop Manufacturing Engineers and CNC Programmers
• Establish training plans, skill development paths, and succession planning
• Conduct performance reviews and KPI-based evaluations
• Foster a culture of accountability, ownership, and continuous improvement
• Serve as a technical mentor and escalation point for complex manufacturing challenges

Manufacturing Strategy & Capacity Planning:

• Define manufacturing strategies to support growth, margin improvement, and scalability
• Optimize labor utilization, machine capacity, and workflow layouts
• Support capital equipment planning and justification
• Collaborate with Operations to balance capacity, scheduling, and throughput
• Support make/buy decisions and vendor technical evaluations

Quality & Compliance Integration:

• Ensure compliance with AS9100 and customer-specific requirements
• Support audits, corrective actions, and continuous improvement initiatives
• Partner with Quality to reduce NCRs, rework, and escapes
• Promote a data-driven, root-cause-focused culture

Cross-Functional & Business Support:

• Support quoting and RFQ efforts with accurate cost and process estimates
• Collaborate with Sales, Supply Chain, Quality, and Operations leadership
• Drive technical execution of strategic initiatives
• Represent Engineering in leadership meetings and program reviews

Qualifications

• Proven experience in leading engineering teams within fast-paced environments; strong management skills with the ability to motivate diverse groups.
• Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical, Manufacturing, or Aerospace Engineering
• 8–12+ years of experience in aerospace or precision CNC manufacturing
• 5+ years leading Manufacturing Engineers and/or CNC Programming teams
• Strong experience with:
• CNC machining (3-, 4-, 5-axis)
• Mastercam or equivalent CAM software
• GD&T and blueprint interpretation
• Lean Manufacturing / Continuous Improvement
• ERP systems and manufacturing routings
• Demonstrated experience leading New Product Introductions (NPI)
• Strong knowledge of AS9100 quality systems
• Experience implementing Agile methodologies
• Excellent communication skills to articulate complex technical concepts clearly
• Ability to develop strategic plans for business continuity strategies aligned with organizational goals.

Preferred Qualifications:

• Experience with:
• Multi-spindle / multi-turret machining
• High-mix, low-volume aerospace manufacturing
• PFMEA, SPC, and RCCA methodologies
• PMP or Lean Six Sigma certification (preferred)
• Strong background in tooling design and fixture development
• Experience managing engineering teams in regulated environments
• Leadership & team development
• Technical problem-solving
• Manufacturing process optimization
• Data-driven decision-making
• Cross-functional communication
• Continuous improvement mindset
• Strong organizational and project management skills

Join us as at ACRA Aerospace where your expertise will shape innovative solutions that propel our organization forward! We are committed to fostering an inclusive environment that values leadership excellence and technical mastery—empowering you to make a lasting impact through your vision and dedication.

Mechanical Engineer – Aerospace Turbomachinery Systems

Location: Onsite – Irvine CA

Industry: Aerospace & Defense

Citizenship Requirement: U.S. Citizen (No Dual Citizenship)

Role Overview

We are seeking a Mechanical Engineer with strong turbomachinery design experience to support the development of advanced aerospace thermal management subsystems used across military and commercial platforms globally.

This role focuses on the design and development of rotating machinery, including compressors, pumps, and fans integrated within aerospace thermal systems. The ideal candidate has hands-on experience designing turbomachinery components from concept through validation, with strong grounding in aerodynamics, CFD, structural integrity, and high-speed rotating equipment design.

These programs are entering early development phases prior to Preliminary Design Review (PDR), requiring strong technical leadership in turbomachinery architecture, performance prediction, and mechanical robustness.

Key Responsibilities

• Design and develop mechanical enclosures and subsystems incorporating turbomachinery components
• Lead the mechanical design and development of turbomachinery components including compressors, pumps, and fans
• Perform aerodynamic design and optimization of rotating components
• Conduct or support CFD analysis for flow performance and efficiency validation
• Perform structural analysis of rotating components, including stress, fatigue, and rotor dynamics considerations
• Support bearing selection, shaft design, housing integration, and sealing strategies
• Define performance requirements and conduct trade studies during early-phase system architecture
• Support prototype builds, performance testing, and validation activities
• Ensure designs meet aerospace environmental requirements (shock, vibration, temperature, altitude)
• Collaborate with thermal, systems, controls, and packaging teams for subsystem integration
• Develop detailed CAD models and manufacturing drawings (SolidWorks preferred)
• Participate in root cause analysis, performance troubleshooting, and design improvements
• Ensure compliance with aerospace and defense standards and documentation practices

Required Qualifications

• U.S. Citizen (No Dual Citizenship)
• Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or equivalent.
• 7+ years of experience in Aerospace & Defense mechanical subsystem development
• Direct turbomachinery design experience (compressors, pumps, fans, or similar rotating machinery)
• Experience with aerodynamic design principles and performance prediction
• Working knowledge of CFD tools and analysis interpretation
• Experience with structural analysis of rotating components (stress, fatigue, rotor dynamics fundamentals)
• Proficiency in CAD tools (SolidWorks preferred; strong experience in other platforms acceptable)
• Experience supporting early development phases and design reviews
• Familiarity with aerospace environmental standards (MIL-STD preferred)

Preferred Qualifications

• Experience designing turbomachinery for thermal management or Environmental Control Systems
• Familiarity with high-speed electric motor integration
• Experience with balancing, vibration mitigation, and rotating system qualification
• Exposure to FEA tools for structural validation
• Experience progressing programs through PDR/CDR

Mechanical Engineer – Aerospace Thermal Management Systems (Integration & Packaging)

Location: Onsite – Irvine CA

Industry: Aerospace & Defense

Citizenship Requirement: U.S. Citizen

Role Overview

We are seeking two highly skilled Mechanical Engineers with experience in the Aerospace & Defense sector to support the development and integration of advanced thermal management subsystems used across military and commercial platforms globally.

This role focuses on mechanical subsystem development from a packaging and integration perspective, including enclosure design and integration of electronic and fluid control components such as pumps, compressors, fans, and valves. The ideal candidate has hands-on experience developing aerospace-grade subsystems within defined volume and interface constraints, ensuring high reliability, environmental robustness, and compliance with industry standards.

These roles will support programs progressing from Preliminary Design Review (PDR) toward Critical Design Review (CDR) and will involve reuse and adaptation of existing product architectures.

Key Responsibilities

• Design and develop mechanical enclosures for aerospace electronic and control subsystems such as thermal management systems and related subsystems
• Package and integrate COTS and custom components into customer-defined volume constraints by integrating components including pumps, compressors, fans, valves, and control electronics
• Develop detailed CAD models, assemblies, and manufacturing drawings (SolidWorks preferred)
• Conduct tolerance analysis, GD&T, stack-up analysis, and design for manufacturability (DFM)
• Support prototype builds, integration activities, testing, and validation
• Implement design considerations to satisfy and qualify the environmental requirements (shock, vibration, temperature, humidity, EMI/EMC interface considerations) per MIL standards.
• Collaborate with electrical, controls, thermal, structural, and systems engineering teams
• Participate in root cause analysis and design refinement
• Ensure compliance with aerospace and defense standards and documentation practices

Required Qualifications

• Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or equivalent.
• 5+ years of experience in Aerospace & Defense mechanical subsystem development
• U.S. Citizen (No Dual Citizenship)
• Strong mechanical packaging and integration experience
• Experience designing enclosures housing electronics and fluid/mechanical components
• Exposure to thermal management systems (ECS, vapor cycle, or liquid cooling preferred but not mandatory)
• Working knowledge of rotating machinery components (fans, compressors, pumps)
• Proficiency in CAD tools (SolidWorks preferred; strong experience in other platforms acceptable)
• Experience with GD&T and tolerance analysis
• Familiarity with aerospace environmental standards (MIL-STD preferred)
• Experience supporting qualification and validation testing
• Strong understanding of materials selection for aerospace applications
• Ability to work in cross-functional engineering teams

Preferred Qualifications

• Experience packaging turbomachinery components within constrained aerospace envelopes
• Exposure to controls systems integration
• Knowledge of vibration isolation and shock mitigation techniques
• Experience supporting PDR/CDR processes
• Familiarity with configuration management and aerospace documentation rigor
• Exposure to FMEA, reliability analysis, and lifecycle support

Job Title : Nuclear Engineer (Naval Reactors Engineer) Category / Component : Officer • Active Overview Design, regulate, and oversee the Navy's nuclear propulsion program, including reactor design, fleet operations, and eventual defueling and decommissioning of nuclear powered ships and submarines from Naval Reactors Headquarters and associated Department of Energy laboratories and shipyards.

Key Responsibilities Provide technical direction in areas such as reactor and fluid systems design, reactor physics, materials development, component design for steam generators, pumps, and valves, instrumentation and control for reactor and propulsion plants, testing and quality control, radiation shielding, and chemistry and radiological controls; review designs and analyses from laboratories, shipyards, and industry partners; coordinate with fleet units to ensure safe and reliable nuclear plant operation.

What to Expect Assume significant technical responsibility early in your career as part of a lean headquarters staff; work primarily in an analytical and oversight role rather than operating plants at sea; balance long term engineering projects with time sensitive fleet and shipyard issues; frequent coordination with senior civilian engineers, naval officers, and technical teams; high expectations for attention to detail, judgment, and written and oral communication.

Work Environment Work mainly at Naval Reactors Headquarters in the Washington, District of Columbia area with regular engagement with Department of Energy laboratories, nuclear training sites, shipyards, and nuclear powered ships and submarines; office based work that includes document reviews, technical meetings, inspections, and site visits rather than day to day shipboard watchstanding.

Pathways, Training & Advancement Officer commissioning through programs such as Officer Candidate School or the Nuclear Propulsion Officer Candidate program followed by a structured technical qualification program at Naval Reactors; rotational exposure to laboratories, prototypes, shipyards, and fleet support issues; progressive responsibility leading projects and becoming a subject matter expert, with opportunities for professional military education and advanced graduate study in technical fields.

Entry through the Nuclear Propulsion Officer Candidate program for qualified college students and recent graduates, or selection via Officer Candidate School for those who already hold qualifying degrees; all applicants must meet Nuclear Propulsion Program academic and technical screening standards in addition to general officer commissioning requirements.

Qualifications All Navy jobs require meeting general enlistment or commissioning standards, which typically include: Eligibility to serve in the United States Navy, which may involve United States citizenship or other legal residency and work status, depending on the program and current law and policy A high school diploma or equivalent for enlisted positions, and a bachelor's or qualifying professional degree for officer positions Meeting age limits that vary by program and are set in law and Navy policy.

Some communities have more restrictive age ranges Meeting medical, vision, and dental standards, including body composition and physical fitness requirements, with some jobs requiring more demanding standards Meeting character and conduct standards, including background screening Achieving required test scores for your program, such as the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery for enlisted roles or officer qualification tests for officer programs Eligibility for a security clearance when required for your rating or designator Additional qualifications can include specific skills, education, licensure, or experience that are unique to a job or community and will be reviewed with you by a recruiter.

Additional qualifications for this job may include: Completion of a rigorous technical degree in engineering, physics, mathematics, or a closely related field that includes strong backgrounds in calculus and physics; outstanding academic record, particularly in technical coursework; United States citizenship and eligibility for a high level security clearance; strong technical aptitude and comfort with detailed analytical work.

Education Education benefits are available through standard Navy programs such as Tuition Assistance, the Post-9/11 GI Bill, ACE-recommended college credit for Navy training, Navy COOL-funded certifications, USMAP apprenticeships, and other Navy College Program opportunities.

Specific options depend on the Sailor's status, training, and current Navy policy.

Pay, Benefits & Service Pay, benefits, and service commitments follow standard Navy Active and/or Reserve policies for this type of role, including basic pay, allowances when eligible, health coverage, and retirement options.

Exact entitlements, special pays, and service obligations depend on program, component, years of service, and current law and Navy guidance.

Incentives Incentives such as bonuses, special pays, and loan repayment may be available at times for specific ratings or communities, but they change frequently and cannot be guaranteed.

Applicants must confirm current incentives and eligibility with an official Navy recruiter or authoritative Navy source.

Notes and Disclaimers This description is a general overview of typical duties, training, and opportunities in this community.

It does not replace official Navy instructions, policies, or contracts and does not guarantee specific assignments, training, incentives, or outcomes.

Actual opportunities depend on Navy needs, individual performance, screening results, and current law and policy.

The Water Resources Engineer position will be dedicated to supporting the departments' hydrology and stormwater quality review, analysis, modeling, and report writing. This position also has the opportunity to provide general engineering support for the department on project needs including plan production, design engineering, and other general engineering tasks. Our client understands the importance of work/life balance, which is why they offer a variety of flexible and hybrid work schedules to suit the needs of their dedicated team members.

Duties/Responsibilities:

• Lead and support activities to ensure compliance with applicable state and federal environmental rules and laws related to stormwater quality.
• Perform hydrology mapping and calculations using hand calculations and hydrology software.
• Perform hydraulic calculations to size stormwater devices.
• Write clear, thorough reports to explain and compile the hydrology and hydraulics (H&H) of the site.
• Prepare and perform necessary calculations for stormwater reports (i.e. WQMP, LID, SWPPP) and compile reports for submittals.

Requirements:

• Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, or a related discipline.
• 3+ years of experience focused on stormwater quality, site hydrology and hydraulics.
• Proficiency in Civil 3D and H&H software.

JOB OPENING - PLUMBING ENGINEER & PROJECT MANAGER

We are a full-service MEP engineering and consulting company. We are servicing the building industry in mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineering services for different building types such as single-family custom homes, multifamily, mid-rise, high-rise, commercial, office spaces, retail, restaurants, mixed-use, and industrial. We have an opening for Plumbing Engineer &/or Project Manager who can handle the following responsibilities.

• Design of residential and commercial plumbing systems including calculations, piping layout, riser diagrams, equipment schedules, and details

• Coordination of the plumbing plans per developer, builder, architect, civil engineer, and other disciplines plans and requirements.

• Attending design and coordination meetings daily.

• Managing the project from schematic design (SD) phase all the way through the final stages of construction administration (CA).

• Designing the plans using AutoCAD & REVIT

REQUIREMENTS

• Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering or equivalent experience

• Plumbing Design and Project Management experience, 2-6 years (preferred)

• Experience in AutoCAD & REVIT

• Microsoft Office

• Team player and detail oriented

COMPENSATION

• Salary Range: $65K-$75K

• Bonuses

BENEFITS

• Health insurance

• 401K

• Paid time off

• Paid vacations

• Paid sick time

SCHEDULE

• Monday-Friday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm

Partial remote work can be offered, depending on capabilities and upper management approval.

JOB TYPE

• Full Time

Interested applicant should forward resume to:

About Company:

Who Are We?

ELIQUENT Life Sciences is a leading global consulting group delivering regulatory affairs, pharmacovigilance, quality, and compliance solutions that support pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, and combination product companies across therapeutic modalities, phase-based pathways, and major global markets.

Why explore your future at ELIQUENT?

ELIQUENT Life Sciences is a trusted global consulting firm helping life sciences companies navigate regulatory complexity and bring breakthrough therapies to market. Founded by former regulators and industry experts, we offer end-to-end support in regulatory affairs, pharmacovigilance, and quality compliance. Our team is driven by a shared mission to improve global health through innovation, collaboration, and integrity. At ELIQUENT, you will be part of a purpose-led organization where your expertise contributes to meaningful impact and your growth is supported every step of the way.

About the Role:

The Process Validation Engineer plays a critical role in ensuring that manufacturing processes consistently produce products that meet predetermined quality standards and regulatory requirements. This position involves designing, executing, and documenting validation protocols to confirm that processes operate within defined parameters and yield reliable, reproducible results. The engineer collaborates closely with cross-functional teams including manufacturing, quality assurance, and regulatory affairs to identify process risks and implement corrective actions. By analyzing process data and trends, the engineer supports continuous improvement initiatives that enhance process efficiency and product quality. Ultimately, this role ensures compliance with industry standards and contributes to the successful commercialization of products within the United States market.

Minimum Qualifications:

• Bachelor's degree in Engineering, Science, or a related technical field.
• 3+ years of experience in process validation within a regulated manufacturing environment.
• Strong knowledge of validation principles, methodologies, and regulatory requirements (e.g., FDA, cGMP, ISO).
• Experience with statistical analysis and process capability studies.
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills.

Preferred Qualifications:

• Master's degree in Engineering, Quality Assurance, or related discipline.
• Experience in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or medical device industries.
• Familiarity with automation systems and computerized system validation (CSV).
• Certification in Quality or Validation (e.g., ASQ Certified Quality Engineer).
• Proficiency with data analysis software such as Minitab or JMP.

Responsibilities:

• Develop, review, and execute process validation protocols including Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ).
• Collaborate with manufacturing and quality teams to identify critical process parameters and quality attributes.
• Analyze process data to assess process capability and identify areas for improvement.
• Prepare detailed validation reports and maintain comprehensive documentation in compliance with regulatory standards such as FDA and ISO.
• Support investigations related to process deviations, non-conformances, and implement corrective and preventive actions (CAPA).
• Participate in risk assessments and process design reviews to ensure robust and compliant manufacturing processes.
• Train and mentor manufacturing personnel on process validation requirements and best practices.

Skills:

The Process Validation Engineer utilizes analytical skills daily to interpret complex process data and ensure manufacturing consistency. Strong communication skills are essential for collaborating with cross-functional teams and documenting validation activities clearly and accurately. Technical expertise in validation protocols and regulatory standards guides the development and execution of robust validation plans. Problem-solving skills are applied to investigate deviations and implement effective corrective actions. Additionally, proficiency with statistical tools and software supports data-driven decision-making and continuous process improvement.

*Note that this job is on-site only in Irvine, CA*

Job Summary:

Willow is a health and wellness innovator harnessing the power of artificial intelligence and clinical evidence to drive meaningful change in healthcare. We are using cutting-edge technology, data, and a highly engaging user experience to revolutionize chronic disease management and prevention. We are looking for an experienced Senior Software Engineer to join our growing team. We are looking for strong talent to help us create novel life-changing digital health solutions for our users. We hire creative people and give them autonomy to do great work. Our senior software engineers are comfortable dealing with high-level specifications, working independently and in small teams, and are involved in the product process from start to finish. We need engineers who are excited to try new approaches and collectively learn the right approach to delivering the best health care experiences.

Duties & Responsibilities:

· Work with product managers, designers, and a talented group of engineers to craft unique and beautiful user experiences that will make our mobile solutions best in class.

· Play a critical role in the software architecture, design, and development of our mobile apps.

· Write clean and well-tested code that allows us to keep our applications stable and easily modifiable. Contribute to a knowledge-sharing and an open and collaborative work environment.

Qualifications and Experience

· BS or higher in Computer Science, other related degree, or equivalent work experience.

· 8+ years of experience developing software, with at least 5 years working with Java/Kotlin in mobile application development

· Knowledge of mobile design principles, patterns, and best practices

· Knowledge of push notifications, web technologies and services (HTTP, REST, websocket, etc.)

· Design and development experience with Object Oriented Programming, SOLID principles, MVC, MVVM, Dependency Injection, persisting data

· Understanding of source code management tools, such as Git

· Experience with Kotlin Multiplatform, MongoDB/Realm, Bluetooth framework, IoT and Linux is a plus

· Experience with engineering medical software is a plus

· Team player

Physical requirements/Work Environment

This position primarily works in an office environment. It requires frequent sitting, standing and walking. Daily use of a computer and other computing and digital devices is required. May stand for extended periods when facilitating meetings or walking in the facilities. Some local travel is necessary; therefore, the ability to operate a motor vehicle and maintain a valid Driver's license is required.

The physical demands of the position described herein are essential functions of the job and employees must be able to successfully perform these tasks for extended periods. Reasonable accommodations may be made for those individuals with real or perceived disabilities to perform the essential functions of the job described.

Job Description:

The ideal candidate will have strong experience in multi-layer PCB design for defense electronics systems and proficiency in industry-standard PCB design tools.

Key Responsibilities:

Design and develop multi-layer PCB layouts for defense electronic systems.

Utilize OrCAD/Allegro tools for schematic capture and PCB layout.

Perform high-speed and high-density PCB layout design while ensuring signal integrity and manufacturability.

Ensure PCB designs comply with IPC Class 3 standards and industry best practices.

Collaborate with cross-functional teams including hardware, manufacturing, and testing teams.

Required Skills:

6–10 years of experience in PCB design and layout engineering.

Strong proficiency in OrCAD and Allegro PCB design tools.

Experience with high-speed and high-density PCB layout design.

Knowledge of IPC Class 3 design standards.

IPC CID or CID+ certification is preferred.