Engineering Structures Jobs in Roseville, MI
63 positions found — Page 3
On behalf of our growing manufacturing/injection molding client, located in Sterling Heights, MI, we are currently recruiting an experienced Quality Team Leader to join their team.
NOTE:
- Afternoon & Midnight Shift availability
RESPONSIBILITIES:
- Ensure compliance with ISO 9001:2015, IATF 16949, and the company’s Quality Management System (QMS), including adherence to the Quality Manual, policies, and procedures
- Perform quality inspections (first-off, last-off, and in-process) including visual inspections, measurements, fixture checks, and recording inspection data accurately
- Identify, document, and disposition nonconforming parts, report defects or machine malfunctions, and notify supervisors or quality personnel of discrepancies
- Maintain controlled documents, quality records, and inspection data, and support data analysis, reporting, and tracking of quality metrics (e.g., cost of poor quality, layered audits)
- Support continuous improvement initiatives by participating in problem-solving activities (e.g., 8D, team meetings), investigating quality issues, and recommending corrective actions
- Train employees and follow all safety and operational procedures, while assisting with packaging, handling, and transport of produced parts as required
REQUIRED SKILLS & QUALIFICATIONS:
- High School Diploma or Equivalent work experience at minimum
- 2 years prior work experience in plastics or automotive manufacturing industry
- Ability to use various measurement techniques
- Supervision experience an asset
- Training experience
- Effective communication skills, verbal, and written
- Computer skills & data analysis
COMPENSATION & BENEFITS:
- $22.00 - $23.00 / hour (depending on experience)
- Cost-sharing medical & dental benefits after 30 days
- 401K plan after 90 days
MEDA offers an excellent referral bonus. Great candidates know great candidates.
IDR is seeking an Engineering Project Manager to join one of our top clients in Mount Clemens, MI. This role is pivotal in driving projects related to new product development, cost reduction, and industrialization. If you are looking for an opportunity to join a growing organization and work within an ever-growing team-oriented culture, please apply today!
Position Overview/Responsibilities for the Engineering Project Manager: Lead and manage projects of small to medium complexity, ensuring quality, timing, and cost targets are met. Collaborate with cross-functional teams and maintain communication with all internal departments to ensure project success. Engage with customers to ensure projects align with their requirements and expectations. Utilize standardized project management tools to achieve execution excellence and adhere to established processes. Act as an ambassador of project management, sharing skills and best practices to enhance internal processes.
Required Skills for Engineering Project Manager: Bachelor's degree in engineering (chemical, electrical, mechanical, industrial) is required. Minimum of 3 years of experience in leading initiatives within a manufacturing process environment. Strong teamwork skills and the ability to interact effectively with all organizational levels. Excellent oral and written communication skills, including the ability to create presentations. Strong analytical, problem-solving, and organizational skills with the ability to manage multiple priorities.
What's in it for you? Competitive compensation package Full Benefits; Medical, Vision, Dental, and more! Opportunity to get in with an industry leading organization Close-knit and team-oriented culture
Why IDR? 25+ Years of Proven Industry Experience in 4 major markets Employee Stock Ownership Program Medical, Dental, Vision, and Life Insurance ClearlyRated's Best of Staffing Client and Talent Award winner 12 years in a row
Responsibilities
- Lead, mentor, and manage a team of mechanical engineers and designers
- Oversee the design and development of mechanical systems, tooling, fixtures, and automated equipment
- Establish engineering standards, design practices, and review processes to ensure quality and consistency
- Provide technical guidance and troubleshooting support throughout project execution
- Collaborate with project management on schedules, resources, and technical risk assessment
- Support manufacturing, build, and commissioning activities during equipment launches
- Act as a technical resource for customer discussions, design reviews, and solution development
- Assist with technical documentation, presentations, and feasibility assessments
- Drive continuous improvement and evaluate new technologies related to automation and manufacturing
Qualifications
Education
- Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering or a related field
- Master's degree preferred
Experience
- 5+ years of mechanical engineering experience in a manufacturing or automation environment
- 2+ years of experience leading or managing engineering teams
- Experience supporting automotive manufacturing, automation, or special machine design
Technical Skills
- Proficiency in CAD software such as SolidWorks, CATIA, or AutoCAD
- Experience with robotic automation systems such as Fanuc, KUKA, or ABB
- Knowledge of manufacturing processes including CNC machining, welding, stamping, and assembly operations
- Familiarity with industrial safety standards and compliance requirements
Additional Skills
- Strong organizational and time management skills
- Ability to manage multiple priorities in a fast-paced environment
- Strong communication skills across technical and non-technical teams
Job Title : Nuclear Engineer (Naval Reactors Engineer) Category / Component : Officer • Active Overview Design, regulate, and oversee the Navy's nuclear propulsion program, including reactor design, fleet operations, and eventual defueling and decommissioning of nuclear powered ships and submarines from Naval Reactors Headquarters and associated Department of Energy laboratories and shipyards.
Key Responsibilities Provide technical direction in areas such as reactor and fluid systems design, reactor physics, materials development, component design for steam generators, pumps, and valves, instrumentation and control for reactor and propulsion plants, testing and quality control, radiation shielding, and chemistry and radiological controls; review designs and analyses from laboratories, shipyards, and industry partners; coordinate with fleet units to ensure safe and reliable nuclear plant operation.
What to Expect Assume significant technical responsibility early in your career as part of a lean headquarters staff; work primarily in an analytical and oversight role rather than operating plants at sea; balance long term engineering projects with time sensitive fleet and shipyard issues; frequent coordination with senior civilian engineers, naval officers, and technical teams; high expectations for attention to detail, judgment, and written and oral communication.
Work Environment Work mainly at Naval Reactors Headquarters in the Washington, District of Columbia area with regular engagement with Department of Energy laboratories, nuclear training sites, shipyards, and nuclear powered ships and submarines; office based work that includes document reviews, technical meetings, inspections, and site visits rather than day to day shipboard watchstanding.
Pathways, Training & Advancement Officer commissioning through programs such as Officer Candidate School or the Nuclear Propulsion Officer Candidate program followed by a structured technical qualification program at Naval Reactors; rotational exposure to laboratories, prototypes, shipyards, and fleet support issues; progressive responsibility leading projects and becoming a subject matter expert, with opportunities for professional military education and advanced graduate study in technical fields.
Entry through the Nuclear Propulsion Officer Candidate program for qualified college students and recent graduates, or selection via Officer Candidate School for those who already hold qualifying degrees; all applicants must meet Nuclear Propulsion Program academic and technical screening standards in addition to general officer commissioning requirements.
Qualifications All Navy jobs require meeting general enlistment or commissioning standards, which typically include: Eligibility to serve in the United States Navy, which may involve United States citizenship or other legal residency and work status, depending on the program and current law and policy A high school diploma or equivalent for enlisted positions, and a bachelor's or qualifying professional degree for officer positions Meeting age limits that vary by program and are set in law and Navy policy.
Some communities have more restrictive age ranges Meeting medical, vision, and dental standards, including body composition and physical fitness requirements, with some jobs requiring more demanding standards Meeting character and conduct standards, including background screening Achieving required test scores for your program, such as the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery for enlisted roles or officer qualification tests for officer programs Eligibility for a security clearance when required for your rating or designator Additional qualifications can include specific skills, education, licensure, or experience that are unique to a job or community and will be reviewed with you by a recruiter.
Additional qualifications for this job may include: Completion of a rigorous technical degree in engineering, physics, mathematics, or a closely related field that includes strong backgrounds in calculus and physics; outstanding academic record, particularly in technical coursework; United States citizenship and eligibility for a high level security clearance; strong technical aptitude and comfort with detailed analytical work.
Education Education benefits are available through standard Navy programs such as Tuition Assistance, the Post-9/11 GI Bill, ACE-recommended college credit for Navy training, Navy COOL-funded certifications, USMAP apprenticeships, and other Navy College Program opportunities.
Specific options depend on the Sailor's status, training, and current Navy policy.
Pay, Benefits & Service Pay, benefits, and service commitments follow standard Navy Active and/or Reserve policies for this type of role, including basic pay, allowances when eligible, health coverage, and retirement options.
Exact entitlements, special pays, and service obligations depend on program, component, years of service, and current law and Navy guidance.
Incentives Incentives such as bonuses, special pays, and loan repayment may be available at times for specific ratings or communities, but they change frequently and cannot be guaranteed.
Applicants must confirm current incentives and eligibility with an official Navy recruiter or authoritative Navy source.
Notes and Disclaimers This description is a general overview of typical duties, training, and opportunities in this community.
It does not replace official Navy instructions, policies, or contracts and does not guarantee specific assignments, training, incentives, or outcomes.
Actual opportunities depend on Navy needs, individual performance, screening results, and current law and policy.
Overview
We are seeking a highly skilled and motivated Electrical Engineer to join our dynamic team. The ideal candidate will have a Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering and a valid PE License along with a strong background in electrical systems design and development, with expertise in various engineering tools and methodologies. This role involves working on innovative projects that require both technical proficiency and creative problem-solving abilities.
Duties
- Design, develop, and test electrical systems and components for various applications.
- Create and analyze schematics and system designs using CAD software such as Revit.
- Collaborate with cross-functional teams to ensure project specifications are met on time and within budget.
- Conduct root cause analysis to troubleshoot and resolve issues in existing systems.
Skills
- Proficiency in electrical engineering principles and practices, including NEC standards.
- Strong knowledge of mechanical engineering concepts to support interdisciplinary projects.
- Familiarity with vision inspection systems and quality control processes in manufacturing environments.
- Ability to work with various software tools.
- Excellent project scheduling skills to manage timelines effectively.
- Strong analytical skills for conducting root cause analysis on electrical systems failures.
- Experience with mechanical knowledge related to electrical systems integration is a plus. Join us in shaping the future of technology through innovative electrical engineering solutions!
- Function as Lead Designer for projects involving medium and low voltage power distribution systems
- Lighting system and grounding system for Municipal Water and Wastewater facilities and Industrial Projects.
Excellent Fringe Benefit package.
Requirements
1. Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering.
2. Electrical Engineering experience.
3. Professional Engineer (PE) License.
SUMMARY
Dominion’s Project Management team is dedicated to quality, on time projects. As a member of the PM team you will work alongside Engineering, Manufacturing and Documentation teams to integrate custom automated equipment & solutions for different product lines. You’ll be responsible for planning and overseeing projects to ensure they are completed in a timely fashion & within budget.
QUALIFICATIONS:
• 3 years experience
• Bachelors degree and/or PMP Certification
• Understanding of basic engineering theories and principles
• Ability to manage multiple tasks and meet deadlines
• Good written and oral communication skills
• Strong leadership skills
• Good mechanical aptitude, reasoning and problem-solving skills
JOB DESCRIPTION:
• Reports to Group Manager.
• Proactive self-starter with the ability to manage all facets of the project from inception to delivery.
• Lead interface with customers for planning, build, debug and installation of new and modified equipment.
• Interface with designated customers for line-up meetings.
• Receive and organize all customer-related information.
• Document and chair kick-off meeting at start of project.
• Provide customer specifications to engineering groups to ensure compliance.
• Provide and maintain project timing (Gantt charts, project timelines, etc.)
• Cost control for all assigned projects. Monitor costs and hours charged to projects by all activities (engineering, controls, machining, build, etc.)
• Chair design review meetings.
• On-site support for major field installations as required. Ensure installations / start-ups of equipment are on track and manage open issue resolution.
• Track and support in house build, tryout, and debug of equipment. Support build leaders as required to ensure projects are staying on track through the manufacturing process.
• Schedule and conduct regular status meeting with customers, document open issues and follow-up assignments.
• Ensure completion of all required FMEAs and other customer required documentation.
• Ensure completion of all required operating / service manuals
• Equipment buy-off and performance documentation.
• Manage customer change requests and design deviation requests; ensure payment for changes beyond base scope of work.
• Ensure all required parts are ordered and deadlines for receipt of material are achieved.
• Documentation for billing of job order.
• Follow-up to ensure all project requirements are completed per the PO and prompt payment is made by the customer. Follow-up on aged accounts receivables.
*Must pass pre-employment physical and drug screen
This is a fulltime position with benefits available
Location: Roseville, Michigan
You’ll be part of GM’s Exterior Design organization, a highly collaborative studio that partners closely with advanced and production design teams, digital and clay sculpting, engineering, and fabrication. The team works together to translate bold ideas into feasible, beautifully executed vehicles while maintaining a strong connection to brand identity and customer needs. Designers regularly engage with leadership, cross‑functional partners, and fellow creatives in a supportive environment that values innovation, craftsmanship, and pushing the boundaries of mobility design.
In this role, you will:
- Create bold, fresh, future‑focused exterior design concepts through traditional sketching and digital workflows (2D and 3D).
- Develop award‑winning ideas grounded in a deep understanding of customer needs, brand identity, and emerging mobility trends.
- Partner frequently with sculpting, engineering, and fabrication to refine and execute designs that meet performance, feasibility, and aesthetic goals.
- Apply strong design taste, intuition, craftsmanship, and accuracy backed by an impressive portfolio across production and/or advanced projects.
- Present concepts regularly to design leadership, demonstrating design courage and a willingness to challenge convention.
- Mentor and support less experienced designers to help elevate their craft and design execution.
- Operate effectively under general guidance and deliver high‑quality work within a deadline‑driven environment.
Your Skills & Abilities (Required Qualifications):
- 5+ years of experience in exterior automotive design (production, advanced, or both).
- Strong sketching, ideation, and visual storytelling abilities.
- Proven ability to deliver high‑quality design solutions from concept through refinement.
- Experience working collaboratively with sculpting, engineering, and cross‑functional teams.
- Strong presentation skills and comfort sharing ideas with leadership.
- Portfolio demonstrating strong exterior design craftsmanship, creativity, and process.
What Will Give You a Competitive Edge (Preferred Qualifications):
- Experience with common design tools such as:
- Photoshop (2D visualization)
- Blender or other 3D modeling tools
- Vizcom or AI‑assisted concept tools
- Alias or similar automotive surfacing/visualization tools
- Bachelor’s degree in Transportation Design, Fine Arts, Automotive Design, or related field.
- Experience mentoring junior designers.
Certain roles at Tyson require background checks. If you are offered a position that requires a background check you will be provided additional documentation to complete once an offer has been extended.
Job Details:
This position is responsible for the proper operation, maintenance, and management of all plant utilities, and department personnel. Utilities include but are not limited to – Anhydrous Ammonia Refrigeration System, Plant Water Systems, Steam Generation Systems, Pneumatic Systems, Fire Protection Systems and HVAC Systems. This position will provide frontline supervision for all technicians over 4 shifts that are assigned to these areas. Determine work schedules, and priorities to ensure the facilities’ needs are met. This role is responsible for maintaining all OSHA and EPA regulations through our Process Safety Management program.
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
- Follow and Ensure Team Members adhere to all Safety and Food Safety policies and be able to correct/address deficiencies as needed.
- Mechanical and Operational knowledge of plant utility systems including Ammonia, Steam, Compressed Air, Electrical, Fire protection, and Hot water systems. This knowledge should be adequate to effectively train other employees and provide troubleshooting assistance with the technicians.
- Establish and maintain an efficient onboarding training program.
- Training and developing all utility technicians for future development and knowledge as well as assisting technicians through the Dupont training system.
- Demonstrate the ability to se the current CMMS/SAP system for data entry, work management, and be capable of training other team members in the proper use of it.
- Provide support for the technicians through preventative maintenance and repairs.
- Responsibilities include daily safety talks, huddle meeting presentations, supervisor rounds, providing team member support, and daily recap of downtime to management.
- Lead or assist in completing plant audits, PM reviews, and follow up to completion.
- Work interdepartmentally to ensure needs of the customer are met, developed, and maintain Win/Win partnerships.
- As needed, initiate orders for parts/materials and provide follow-up.
- Assures adequate PM procedures/schedules to provide necessary support to assure proper equipment operation/repair/upkeep.
- Manages/supervise his/her employees to assure acceptable employee productivity and job performance
- Adhere to all applicable PSM/Safety/Environmental policies and procedures while demonstrating a proper safety attitude /awareness.
- Have direct involvement and thorough understanding of the Process Safety Management program. (PSM)
- As a member of the management staff is expected to project a positive attitude while handling himself/herself in a professional manner.
- Maintains/ promotes open communications and positive working relationships with all depts throughout the facility.
- Continuous improvement and development of the operations and personnel.
- Recommend, develop, and implement process improvements projects.
- Key member of overall facility Engineering & Maintenance organization.
- Identify, evaluate, and recommend alternative maintenance support resources and services. Responsible for overall maintenance activities such a manner that maximum effectiveness is obtained for the proper maintenance of machinery within projected costs and schedules.
- This position will play a key role in implementing changes within the organization, both from a technological standpoint and a procedural one, in support of the company’s goals and objectives while operating at the highest ethical standards.
Education - Experience:
Minimum education and experience required:
- Prior experience of 5+ years in a mechanical/refrigeration related field along with an in-depth knowledge of ammonia refrigeration process/equipment and technologies. Have a thorough understanding of refrigeration theory/operations. Prefer experience within the food processing and packaging industry. Have successfully completed technical training in Industrial Refrigeration field or display the ability to achieve such. Have working knowledge or ability to achieve such, of Utility systems such as Water, Steam, Pneumatics, Fire Protection, HVAC. Have experience with CCMS systems. Requires good written and oral communication skills, ability to work independently, and be results oriented.
- Must reside in United States
- This position does not offer sponsorship
Preferred Knowledge and skill set requirement:
- Have high mechanical skills and aptitude. Effective computer/keyboard skills including Microsoft Excel, Word, Project, and Power Point. Strong verbal and written communication skills. Proficient math skills. Effective problem solving and analytical skills.
- This position requires ability to make decisions affecting both financial and operational performance. Be highly organized with attention to detail. Be able to prioritize based on the needs of facility. At times it may require review and analysis of technical information including drawings, specifications, technical reports, engineering data, etc.
- This position will work directly with the other members of the maintenance management team to jointly address and attend to the needs of the facility.
- Possess strong leadership skills marked by an ability to articulate ideas, delegate appropriately, set clear goals and drive accountability.
- Be a highly motivated professional able to work in a fast-paced environment.
- Be flexible with work schedule, the ability to come in early or stay late if needed.
- Can develop strong relationships with leaders and employees at all levels and areas of responsibility within the company.
- Blends people into teams and inspires them to perform; creates strong morale and spirit in his/her team; shares wins and successes; lets people finish and be responsible for their work; defines success in terms of the whole team; creates a feeling of belonging in the team.
- Steps up to conflicts seeing them as opportunities; reads situations quickly; good at focused listening; Deals fairly with non-performance and is unafraid to deliver tough messages when necessary.
- Is good at establishing clear direction; distributes the workload appropriately; lays out work in a well-planned and organized manner; maintains two-way dialogue with others on work and results; understands what motivates each individual and brings out the best in people; is a clear communicator.
- Makes good, timely decisions based upon a mixture of analysis, wisdom, experience, and judgment.
- Is action oriented and focused on producing good outcomes. Can be counted on to exceed goals successfully.
- Is dedicated to meeting the expectations and requirements of internal and external customers; gets first-hand customer information and uses it for improvements in products and services; acts with customers in mind; establishes and maintains effective relationships with customers and gains their trust and respect.
- Creates effective plans to promote change; knows how to manage in changing circumstances; strongly advocates an independent point of view but can be counted on to execute management decisions and strategies; understands the need for change before being told; seizes opportunities.
- Role models a personal leadership style that includes self-awareness. Accepts feedback, understands, and maximizes strengths while working to develop weaknesses.
Travel Requirements:
- 10-20% @ corporate headquarters, training, other facilities, and equipment vendors.
Relocation Assistance Eligible:
No
Work Shift:
1ST SHIFT (United States of America)
Hourly Applicants ONLY -You must complete the task after submitting your application to provide additional information to be considered for employment.
Tyson is an Equal Opportunity Employer. All qualified applicants will be considered without regard to race, national origin, color, religion, age, genetics, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability or veteran status.
We provide our team members and their families with paid time off; 401(k) plans; affordable health, life, dental, vision and prescription drug benefits; and more.
If you would like to learn more about your data privacy rights and how you may use that information, please read our Job Applicant Privacy Notice here.
Unsolicited Assistance: Tyson Foods and its subsidiaries do not accept unsolicited support from external recruitment vendors for open positions within the United States. Any resumes or candidate profiles submitted by recruitment vendors or headhunters to any employee or applicant tracking system at Tyson Foods or its subsidiaries, without a valid written request and search agreement approved by HR, will be considered the property of Tyson Foods. No fees will be paid if the candidate is hired due to an unsolicited referral.
Inside Sales
Location: Madison Heights, MI
Company: Applus+ RA (Reliable Analysis)
Industry: Automotive/Transportation - TIC (Testing, Inspection, Certification) Mechanical, Electrical & Electronic Systems
About Us
Applus+ RA is a market leader in the transportation industry, specializing in testing services and certifications for electrical, electronic, and mechanical components, sub-systems, materials testing and failure analysis. Our laboratory is based in Madison Heights, MI, and is part of Applus+, a multinational group with over 23,000 employees worldwide.
Position Summary
We are seeking a proactive and detail-oriented Inside Sales Representative to join our team in Madison Heights, MI. This role is integral to driving business growth through timely quotation turnaround, test specification interpretation, lead generation, customer support, and quoting services. The ideal candidate will have experience in a technical quotation and sales environment, particularly within the automotive, testing/inspection/certification (TIC), electrical, or electronic industries.
Key Responsibilities
- Serve as the contact for incoming sales inquiries via phone, email, and website.
- Maintain strong knowledge of company services to accurately communicate value propositions.
- Prepare and send timely quotations to clients based on their testing requirements.
- Assist in developing complex proposals and supporting materials for prospective clients.
- Work closely with operations, engineering, and external sales teams to ensure alignment for customer expectations.
- Track and follow up on quotes, ensuring timely responses and updates to customers.
- Maintain CRM system with updated client information, activities, and sales pipeline details.
- Support business development by identifying upselling or cross-selling opportunities.
- Participate in internal meetings to review targets, goals, and ongoing initiatives.
- Develop strong relationships with existing clients to foster repeat business.
Qualifications
- A minimum of 2+ years of experience in an inside sales, customer service, or technical sales support role.
- Prior exposure to automotive, TIC, electrical/electronic, or testing services preferred.
- Strong verbal and written communication skills.
- Experience working with CRM systems.
- Excellent attention to detail and ability to prioritize tasks in a fast-paced environment.
- Team player with a customer-first attitude.
- Associate or Bachelor's degree in Business, Engineering, or related field preferred.
What We Offer
- Great long-term career prospects and development opportunities
- Challenging tasks in innovative and diverse teams
- Attractive compensation system
- Flexible working environment
- 401k match
- Company-provided life insurance and vision coverage benefits
- Medical, dental, and vision, pet insurance, home and auto discounts, identity theft protection offered & much more
- 2 weeks’ paid time off available immediately
- PTO
Position Overview We are seeking Back Builder Seat Assemblers to join our dynamic team.
In this role, you will be responsible for assembling automotive seats using various tools and technology, contributing to a seamless production process.
Key Responsibilities Assemble automotive seating units with precision and efficiency.
Rotate between different workstations to develop proficiency in various tasks.
Identify and address nonconforming products to ensure quality standards.
Maintain a clean, organized, and safe work environment.
Restock materials to ensure smooth production flow.
Monitor and report material shortages.
Regularly lift and carry up to 50 lbs.
Operate hand-held pneumatic tools and assembly fixtures.
Conduct quality inspections and ensure compliance with company standards.
Follow safety protocols and report any concerns immediately.
Work collaboratively to meet production goals and deliver top-quality products.
Qualifications Ability to follow written and verbal instructions accurately.
Strong manual dexterity and attention to detail.
Comfortable working in a fast-paced environment with repetitive movements.
Problem-solving skills and a team-oriented mindset.
Understanding of Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a plus.
Must be willing to stop production if a safety or quality issue arises.
Additional Information Compliance with all health, safety, environmental, and ergonomic (HSE&E) regulations is required.
Other duties may be assigned as needed.
If you're looking for a hands-on role in automotive manufacturing with growth potential, apply today! Nesco Resource offers a comprehensive benefits package for our associates, which includes a MEC (Minimum Essential Coverage) plan that encompasses Medical, Vision, Dental, 401K, and EAP (Employee Assistance Program) services.
Nesco Resource provides equal employment opportunities to all employees and applicants for employment and prohibits discrimination and harassment of any type without regard to race, color, religion, age, sex, national origin, disability status, genetics, protected veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or any other characteristic protected by federal, state, or local laws.